The land is divided into plots or kiaries of suitable size depending on porosity of soil. Phases of surface irrigation: are generally found mixed in well water. Is it Justified ? There are a lot of methods for irrigation but the main point of this is to give water to the plant effectively and efficiently. This may lead to the farmer either applying too much water (low efficiency) or an insufficient amount of water, this is particularly common for those with less experience with drip irrigation. The elimination of fertile soil cover by land shaping is not advisable. It assists in storing required amount of water in the root-zone-depth. Methods like pumping stations, canals, gates,  ditches, and a few other systems are used to raise the water table. Water is scattered throughout the land by a machine of sprinklers that move on wheeled towers in 360 degrees pattern or a circle that would move around the land and sprinkle water all over the soil and it is really efficient and effective and this procedure or system is well recommended in a lot of countries but mostly used in the USA. Drip irrigation layout and its parts It aids to grow an abundance amount of crops by preserving the texture of the soil for better growth. Drip irrigation systems cannot be used for damage control by night frosts. There is loss of water due to evaporation from the area during irrigation. In agriculture, almost all crops are suitable for sprinkler irrigation system except crops such as paddy and jute. Elimination of the channels for conveyance, therefore no conveyance loss. But with growing realisation of the value of water this method has been introduced in other countries of the world particularly in desert areas. Basin irrigation: Basin irrigation is common practice of surface irrigation. Water is scattered throughout the land by high-pressure sprinklers or guns from the equator of the land or from a moving platform that would be sprinkled as it moves. It is economical and low-tech making it particularly attractive in the developing world or places where mechanized spray irrigation is unavailable or impractical. They are typically spaced more than 1 metre apart with one or more emitters used for a single plant such as a tree. Normally, a well can irrigate 1 to 8 hectares of land. The drip irrigation is the most competent and it can be practised in array of crops, especially in vegetables, orchard crops, flowers and plantation crops (Mamata Swain, 1999). Mainlines, submains and laterals supply water from the control head into the fields. The area under drip irrigation system in the USA is about 1 M ha, followed by India and other countries. The drip system was developed for field crops in Israel in the early 1960s and in Australia and North America in the late 1960s. Water is scattered throughout the land under low pressure. Flow to each furrow is individually controlled. Links of those articles are provided herewithin. Tube wells can draw a lot of groundwater from its neighbouring areas and make the ground dry and not suitable for agriculture. It can either come from wells/ surface water/ rivers/ lakes or ground waters or other unnamed sources. During the summer months, the plant was irrigated by a hanging pitcher containing water and a minute hole at its bottom to allow the trickling of water on to the plant. In this technique, initial cost of implementation is high. It is appropriate technique for irrigating crops where the plant population per unit area is very high. Highly saline water causes leaf burning when temperature is higher than 95 F. When lands have been already levelled and developed for surface or other irrigation methods sprinkler irrigation is not so economical. This divided into the four component systems: (1) water supply; (2) water conveyance or delivery; (3) water use; and (4) drainage. A piped network, that passes throughout the soil,  is used for water distribution so that all the plant gets water effectively. In the early stages of tree planting, one furrow alongside the tree row may be sufficient but as the trees develop then two or more furrows can be constructed to provide sufficient water. Drip tape causes extra clean-up costs after harvest. Subirrigation or seepage irrigation: It is a system of irrigation where water is allowed to the plant root zone from below the soil surface and absorbed upwards. It is Suitable to all types of soil apart from heavy clay. Consequently, it is very difficult to understand the hydraulics of surface irrigation. If the surface irrigation method is perfectly selected, it fulfils following requirements: Surface irrigation technique is broadly classified as basin irrigation; border irrigation; furrow irrigation and uncontrolled flooding. Siphon tubes are used to move the water from the main ditch to the canals. A brief description of these irrigation types is given below. This helps the surface to have water spread through it evenly as it moves down across the basin. The irrigation operation begins at the higher area and proceeds towards the lower levels. It is mainly aimed for farming. The water impounded by the bund is used for irrigation and for other purposes. However, suitable and efficient surface irrigation system can be espoused after taking into consideration different factors which are involved in the hydraulics of surface irrigation. It assists in covering the entire width of the strip. Outside the Peninsular plateau, West Bengal, Bihar, Bundelkhand area of Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat have tank irrigation. However when the available water is of high salinity or alkalinity, the field soil becomes gradually unsuitable for cultivation due to high salinity or poor infiltration of the soil. If the water is not properly filtered and the equipment not suitably maintained, it can result in blockage. Areas located at a higher elevation than the source can be irrigated. Farmers flow water down the furrows (often using only gravity) and it seeps vertically and horizontally to refill the soil reservoir. It may be furrowed or ridged, have raised beds for the benefit of certain crops, but as long as the inflow is undirected and uncontrolled into these field modifications, it remains a basin. Amount of manual labour required is less. Even an individual farmer can have his own tank. Soil irrigation is the process by which we can use water that is supplied to any land according to their need for various purposes. Major benefits of this system are water and nutrient conservation, and labour-saving. The information provided should not be used as a substitute for professional services. Tube well: A tube well is a deeper well (generally over 15 metres deep) from which water is lifted with the help of a pumping set operated by an electric motor, a diesel engine or solar power. Well is an independent source of irrigation and can be used as and when the necessity arises. iii. Usually operated at lower pressure than other types of pressurised irrigation, reducing energy costs. Lateral pipes are usually 13-32 mm diameter. Reports indicated that Maharashtra (94,000 ha), Karnataka (66,000 ha) and Tamil Nadu (55,000 ha) are some of the states where large areas have been brought under drip irrigation. Most drip systems are designed for high efficiency and have little or no leakage. It guides you through the entire gambit of the IAS exam starting with notification, eligibility, syllabus, tips, quiz, notes and current affairs. These systems require careful study of all the relevant factors like land topography, soil, water, crop and agro-climatic conditions, and suitability of drip irrigation system and its components. The protective irrigation system. Excessive flow of water in the fields raises the ground water level. Many canals overflow during rainy season and flood the surrounding areas. The use of drippers in sub-surface irrigation network was first experimented in Germany in 1869. Well is simplest and cost effective source of irrigation and the poor Indian farmer can easily afford it. The plants absorb the dropped water using their roots. The sprinkler irrigation system is appropriate in rising and falling land where land shaping is expensive or technically not practicable. Often on temperate zones and places where the rain falls ones in a year or rarely needs this artificial process. Variation in supply can be regulated by regulating the valves and drippers. Furrow irrigation is adapted to lands of irregular topography. The main disadvantage of this method is that it is expensive. Growth, grain yield, evapotranspiration, production functions and … This technique is beneficial for newly established farms where making furrows is very expensive. In this technique of irrigation, a field is divided into number of strips. Gradually it spreads to the water scarcity and light soil states of Rajasthan and Haryana in addition to the black soil area of Madhya Pradesh. The method is still in preliminary stages of development in nation. It also helps to maintain the topography, as well as it helps to grow the vegetation again back in loam. Some canals taken off from the Satluj in Punjab were of this type. The type of irrigation used in tomato fields depends on . Subirrigation is used in growing field crops such as tomatoes, peppers, and sugar cane in areas with high water tables. They are usually made from PVC or polyethylene hose and should be buried below ground because they easily degrade when exposed to direct solar radiation. A team of dedicated professionals are at work to help you! The various types have been traditionally classified as general purpose, digger, and semi-digger, as described below. Also, we have published details of some of these irrigation methods. Irrigation is often studied together with drainage, which is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given region. The dam is an important structure that can be used for retaining the freshwater which can be used for human consumption and other domestic purposes. Therefore, the main concentration of canal irrigation is in the northern plain of India, especially the areas comprising Uttar Pradesh Haryana and Punjab. It is considered as basic infrastructure and vital input required for agricultural production (Mamata Swain, 1999). Also, we have published details of some of these irrigation methods. This method is economical and can be effectively used where water supply is in plenty. The basis of design is to produce an emitter which will provide a specified constant discharge which does not vary much with pressure changes, and does not block easily. Nellore and Warangal are the main districts of tank irrigation. Rainfall is nature's irrigation process but it does its work through precipitation, which is water falling from the sky to the soil. Major component of Tank Irrigation, Drip irrigation and Sprinkler Irrigation. The surface slope from 2 to 4 m/1000 m is best suited. Irrigation in India is done through wells, tanks, canals, perennial canal, and multi-purpose river valley projects. Normal well is about 3-5 metres deep but deeper wells up-to 15 metres are also dug. Filtration system cleans the water. Possibility of using soluble fertilizers and chemicals. Is it important to be a good human being and accommodating or should we be aggressive and achieve success? In free flooding method, water is applied to the land from field ditches without any check or guidance to the flow. Some of the canals are parts of multipurpose projects and, therefore, provide inexpensive source of irrigation. It is suitable to the size of the field and at the same time it uses minimum land for making ditches, furrows, strips, etc. 2. Regardless of region, overhead sprinklers are Irrigation techniques like Surface Irrigation, Sub surgace Irrigation and Sprinkler Irrigation. of Florida, where water is plentiful, furrow or seepage irrigation is used. When the rainy season is over, the flood in the river subsides, the level of water falls below the level of the canal head and the canal dries up. Much water is evaporated from the large expanse of shallow water and is therefore not available for irrigation. Furrow Irrigation: This irrigation involves the construction of parallel channels called furrows that allows water to flow to the rest of the field by gravity flow. on for 1 hour off for 1½ hour). At present, around 3.51akh ha area is under drip irrigation with the efforts of the Government of India, while it was only 40 ha in 1960. Through this method, crops can be grown productively over the saline lands also. High and constant energy requirement for operation. Water is scattered equally throughout the land with the help of gravitational pull and it doesn’t require a machine to take care of it. The flow is stopped when the lower end of the field has received the desired depth of water. The outfitting cost is comparatively high. How Does It Work, Types, Advantages and Disadvantages of Surface Irrigation, What is Drip Irrigation? The area under drip irrigation system in the USA is about 1 M ha, followed by India, Spain, and Israel. Read more about drip irrigation [show/hide]. Recycled non-potable water can be safely used. Agricultural scientists stated that irrigation also has a few other uses in crop production, which include protecting plants against frost, suppressing wild plant growing in grain fields and helping to avert soil consolidation. Varied quantities of water are allowed on the fields at different times. Silting of the tank bed is a serious problem and it requires de-silting of the tank at regular intervals. The lade matters as sometimes the best irrigation system might seem to have flaws in it. There are various types of systems of irrigation practices in different parts of India. Well irrigation is more popular in those regions where ground water is in ample and where there are few canals. It saves labour since once the furrow is filled, it is not necessary to give water a second time. The pressure is generally obtained by pumping. Therefore before choosing a specific technique, the irrigation engineer must evaluate all the factors and choose method which is most suited for local condition (Dr. B. C. Punmia, 2009). This is one of the major advantages of drip irrigation over other methods. In current irrigation practice, several flooding methods have been developed. Most of the canals in India today are perennial. Furthermore, lifting of water from tanks and carrying it to the fields is a tiring and expensive effort which discourages the use of tanks as a source of irrigation. According to reports, Tamil Nadu has the second largest area which is over 23 per cent of tank irrigated area of India and about one-fifth of the total irrigated area of the state. There was a time when people suffered through a lot of crisis only because of insufficient rain as it takes a lot of water to take care of large farmland, pouring water over ground was quite impossible as it takes a lot of manpower and time, which costs the farmer more than that he can make out of the farmland. There are various techniques of irrigation practices in different parts of India. Sometimes the flow of water over the soil is too rapid to fulfil soil moisture deficiency. Many crops are irrigated by the drip method in India with the tree crops occupying the maximum percentage of the total area under drip irrigation, followed by vine crops, vegetables, field crops, flowers and other crops. In brief, irrigation also has many applications in crop production, which include: Irrigation water may be applied to the crops in three basic methods that include surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and sub-surface irrigation method. Tanks cover large areas of cultivable land. 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